The Organization Structure

Structuring the organization is very important for the performance of  any organization and the future business of the organization. Also, reviewing and restructuring or reengineering of the organization structures is a continous process.

The function of the organization structure is to provide a framework of responsibilities, formal reporting relations, and includes numbers in the hierarchy, span control of managers, grouping of individuals into departments and into the total organization. Also, organization structures must ensure effective communications and coordination across departments. Organization structure is represented in an organization chart for understanding how the organization is managed. Communications or information linkage in the organization structures are very crucial and are designed vertically and horizontal to meet the organization objectives. Each type of communication would have merits and disadvantages and managers have to select the most appropriate structure to meet the demand of the organization. In the current open aggressive market with the world without borders and boundaries, organizations have to continue monitoring the performance of their structure to meet the demands of the market. There are many factors which influence the design of the organization structure and this includes organization overall strategy, size of the organization and the stability of the external environment.
(Robbins, P. 2011)

Departmental grouping options

Departmentalization is a method of subdividing work and workers into separate organizational units that take responsibilities for completing particular tasks. An example for this is the Sony company which has separate departments for electronics, movies, music , computer games and theaters. The employees in this option have a common supervisor and resources and this grouping includes functional grouping, divisional grouping, multi-focused grouping, horizontal grouping and virtual networking grouping.  Functional grouping includes employees who perform similar work or functions, for example marketing staff in the marketing department report to a common supervisor. In divisional grouping, staffs are grouped according to what the organization produce whereas a multi-functional grouping organization may need to combine function and product division or product division and geography. In horizontal grouping, the staffs are grouped around core work processes and, in the virtual group which is the current approach under this option, departments are linked electronically to share information and ease coordination.

(Konopaske, R. 2009)

Functional, divisional and geographical designs

Functional structure activities are grouped together by common function from the bottom to the top of the organization, for example the engineering department. This design is effective when in-depth expertise is important for the organization.

According to Robbin P., 2011 the strengths of this structure are: allow economies of scale in the function departments, enable in depth knowledge and skilled developments, enable the organization to accomplish function goals and is best for only one or few products. The weaknesses of this option are: slow response time to environment changes, delays in make decisions and less innovation.

(Robbins, P. 2011)

Geographical designs

Every region in the country may have needs and each one includes all functions required to produce and market product or services in that region. Geographic departmentalization organizes work and workers into separate units responsible for doing business in particular geographic areas (managing effectively) .

For instance, Apple Computer Company re-organized from a functional to a geographical structure to facilitate manufacture and delivery of Apple computers to consumers around the world. Apple used this type of organizational structure to focus managers and workers on specific geographical thrust. Actually, regional structure allows Apple to concentrate on the needs of customers in a geographical area.
( Williams, R. 2010)

 Each business structure has a unique impact on the success of the business. Also, it has an influence on the behavior of individuals and groups who make up the organization. For the managers to be successful they need to have a unique set of skills to use the organizational structure effectively. For the organization to be more successful I suggest that they need to create a phone exchange system to serve the customer via a new way; also if they execute electronic /internet money exchange , their service will be faster.

References

Robbins, Peter S. Fandamentals of Management. USA: Prentice Hall, 2011. Print.

Williams, Charles C. Managing Effectively. London: Pinguin, 2010. Print

Konopaske, Robert S. 2. Organizations: Behavior, Structure, Processes. Singapore: McGraw, 2009. Print.

Individual Assignment ; Global Warming

Global Warming is one of the most important issues that the humans have to prevent in the next years. Global Warming means that the climate changes and the Earth is warming up. The increase in global warming with a decrease in the species and their habitats  will lead to a decline in chances for the ecosystem to adapt naturally.  The most common contributions to an increase in average global temperature are natural events and human activities. This is caused by greenhouse gases like Carbon Dioxide (CO2). The rise in temperature on Earth as certain gases in the atmosphere trap energy is called “The Greenhouse Effect”. The greenhouse effect is natural. However, if it became stronger, more heat will be trapped than  is needed, so Earth might become less viable for humans, plants and animals. Throughout Earth's history, temperature has varied, and sometimes considerably. Today`s warming does not mean that past warming was natural. Recent warming has been shown to be due to human industry processes.

 In different parts of the world, there were various weather events that we at first thought would question global warming. For example, in the UAE the people experienced hot weather, while  some regions in Europe or America have experienced the cold weather and heavy rain. Weather patterns describe short term events, while climate change is a longer process that affects the weather. A warming planet is consistent with increasing cold, increasing rain and other extremes, as an overall warmer planet changes weather patterns everywhere at all times of the year.

There are many ways to prevent global warming; as we know, owing to the overall raise in the temperature, the north and the south pole begin to melt which has increased the overall sea level. However, this situation may affect many low lying areas in the near future. That also might rise the number of hurricanes all over the world. There are different solutions to reduce the impact of global warming. Education: people must understand the problems and be responsible to save the world. They need to reduce the usage of electrical appliances which emit greenhouse gases. For example, the incandescent light lamp emits 300 pounds of carbon dioxide every year. The compact fluorescent light bulb is the solution for this problem which saves much energy. Air conditioners are another problem; the solution is to use thermostats for air conditioners since they reduce the temperature automatically.

In summary, individuals and the governments of all countries should be concerned about the environment and stop the incoming danger due to global warming.

http://www.globalissues.org/article/233/climate-change-and-global-warming-introduction

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/how-to-stop-global-warming.html

Synonym and Antonym

WORD	SYNONYM	ANTONYM
Happy	Joyful, glad, pleased	Sad, unhappy, depressed, down, heartbroken ,miserable, blue
shout	Scream, yell, shriek	Whisper
Clever	Smart, intelligent, brilliant, bright	Dull, stupid, idiotic dumb, dim, thick, cloddish
exciting	Interesting, thrilling	Boring, dull, uninteresting,
furious	Angry, mad, irate, enraged	Calm, mild, pleased,

Plastic Solar Cells

Summary

Plastic Solar cells were invented by scientists from Korea and California, and they invented a new way of boosting cheap plastic solar cells. This will allow them to be more competitive with traditional silicon solar cells, and they have called them the tandem cells. They were made of two layers which are different types of absorbing light, and the scientists discovered that this combination converts a broader spectrum of light into an enormous amount of energy that neither can do alone. Furthermore, these metals are linked by a metal that conducts the electrons from one cell to another. Earlier, the metal links were problematic because they were only semitransparent which means absorbing some of the protons that are passing from the front part of the cell to the back cell which makes them non-constant, therefore reducing the overall energy and output and competence. But luckily a group of researchers have solved the case, and it is to build polymer tandem cells by laying down the metal links via electrically conducting polymer on top of visual titanium oxide. Also, the scientists said by linking together the inexpensive cells, each preferring different wavelengths of light, the upshot is similar to having one material that is extremely susceptible to a broad range of wavelengths. The titanium oxide layer which is connected the cells allows electrons to serve as a foundation during the creating of the tandem cell, providing the stability to build the black cells which provide faster reaction and absorption for the sunlight energy.

http://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/plastic-solar-cells-get-a-boost-by-doubling-up

Trip to London

In July 12th 2008, there were many different questions and concerns about my trip to London. The only places that I have travelled outside the United Arab Emirates are Oman and KSA. Both times I stepped out from my zone; I was surrounded by my family and friends so I didn’t really feel that I was away from home. My only concern about the trip is that maybe it’s not the time, but I hope that this trip helps me as a student and a traveler but the most as a comfortable person. I went there with the army of the UAE. When we reached there the weather was different and colder than the UAE. It took us about 8 hours to reach Heathrow Airport. Then we took the bus to take us to the college. The first day in the college was a little bit strange, because of the different cultures, but day after day the students there became my family. I have been asking and researching the different places to go. My brother actually travelled to London the year before, so I asked him about what he liked most about his visit. He said that I have to go to Al Arab Street and you will find everything you want.  I spent around one month there and the hardest day was the day that we had to say goodbye to our new friends or I can say to our new family members. This trip gives me a lot of things such as friends and experience of language, as well as a person it gives me a trust of myself.

Trip to the Emirates Palace

On the morning of Sunday 23^rd of October, the college gave us the opportunity to visit the GCC Economic and Financial Integration Forum that was in the Emirates Palace. Before that, the college sent a list of the students who will go to the Palace, and all the students were in the elite class. We travelled by a bus; it took a long time to reach there, because the driver didn’t know about the short cut.

The first session, from 9:30 till 11:00 concerned economic and financial integration and international experiences, which was by Dr. Jassim Al Mannai, the director of the Arab Monetary Fund.

After that, we had a 10 minute break; there was a good breakfast but I went to see the decorations and the styles inside the palace. I don’t think I will have the opportunity to visit the palace again, so that is why I didn’t eat my breakfast.

Then I asked my teacher for the permission to leave because I had a physics exam. That was a little bit annoying me, because I wanted to stay but the exam disturbed me.

Summary2; global diversity of cultural identities

            In some ways people all over the world are becoming similar to other people; this is the meaning of globalization. We do the same things, wear the same clothes, and we can blame the brands that are available all over the world. I think globalization will inevitably lead to the total loss of cultural identity.

            We can’t compare the cultural identity with the movies we watch or from the music we listen to, or from our clothes that we buy from foreign countries. Values are shared from the foundation of cultural identity. When you look in depth, in many cultures you recognize that the most important thing in this culture is much different from the others.

            On the surface, it may look like the global variety of cultural identities is disappearing. For example I will take two popular countries, people in the UAE and in America look the same, and dress the same so that cultural difference are disappearing.

            Under the surface, in the last two decades, even if they wear foreign styles they still protect the identity of the local citizens. However, if this globalization still grows, maybe the next generation will change their thinking and it might affect  the meaning of the cultural identity. The reason for this problem is that people in the UAE like to copy  the foreign countries; also nowadays everybody likes to change the traditional clothes of the local citizens, and nobody cares for what our ancestors wore.

            In my opinion, I think that globalization will lead to the total loss of cultural identity; it is inevitable.

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